Court Cases to Know

Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Established judicial review; “midnight judges; John Marshall; power of the Supreme Court.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Established national supremacy; established implied powers; use of elastic clause; state unable to tax federal institution; John Marshall; “the power to tax involves the power to destroy”.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)	Established a broad interpretation of the Commerce Clause; determined Congress’ power encompassed virtually every form of commercial activity. The Commerce Clause has been the constitutional basis for much of Congress’ regulation of the economy.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)	Established separate by equal. Gave Supreme Court approval to Jim Crow laws.
Weeks v. U.S. (1914)	Established the “Exclusionary Rule” at the federal level; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court.
Schenck v. U.S. (1919)	Oliver Wendell Holmes; clear and present danger test; shouting “fire” in a crowded theatre; limits on speech, esp. in wartime.
Gitlow v. New York (1925)	Established precedent of federalizing Bill of Rights (applying them to the states); states cannot deny freedom of speech—protected through due process clause of Amendment 14.
Near v. Minnesota (1931)	Held that the 1^st Amendment protects newspapers from prior restraint.
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)	Provided test for determining which parts of Bill of Rights should be federalized—those which are implicitly or explicitly necessary for liberty to exist.
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)	Upheld as constitutional the internment of Americans with Japanese descent during WWII.
Brown v. Board, 1^st (1954)	School segregation unconstitutional; segregation psychologically damaging to blacks; overturned separate but equal; use of 14^th Amendment; judicial activism of Warren Court; unanimous decision.
Brown v. Board, 2^nd (1955)	Ordered schools to desegregate “with all due and deliberate speed.”
Roth v. United States (1957)	Established that “obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press.”
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)	Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court; Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights.
Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Prohibited state-sponsored recitation of prayer in public schools by virtue of the 1^st Amendment’s establishment clause and the 14^th Amendment’s due process clause; Warren Court’s judicial activism.
Baker v. Carr (1962)	“One man, one vote.” Ordered state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population; Warren Court’s political judicial activism.
Abbington v. Schempp (1963)	Prohibited devotional Bible reading in public schools by virtue of establishment clause & 14^th Amendment’s due process clause. Warren Court’s judicial activism.
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Ordered states to provide lawyers for those unable to afford them in criminal proceedings. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights.
Wesberry v. Sanders (1963)	Ordered House districts to be as near equal in population as possible.
NY Times v. Sullivan (1964)	Held that statements about public figures are libelous only if made with malice and reckless disregard for the truth.
Griswald v. Connecticut (1965)	Established right of privacy through 4^th & 9^th Amendments. Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade.
Miranda v. Arizona (1965)	Established Miranda warnings of counsel and silence. Must be given before questioning. Warren Court’s judicial activism in criminal rights.
Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)	Established 3-part test to determine if establishment clause is violated: nonsecular purpose, advances/inhibits religion, excessive entanglement with government.
Miller v. California (1973)	Established that community standards be used in determining whether material is obscene in terms of appealing to “prurient interest”, being “patently offensive”, and lacking in value.
Roe v. Wade (1973)	Established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1^st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2^nd; state may regulate to protect health of unborn child in 3^rd. Inferred from right of privacy established in Griswald v. Connecticut.
U.S. v. Nixon (1974)	Allowed for executive privilege, but not in criminal cases; “Even the President is not above the law”; Watergate.
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)	1^st Amendment protects campaign spending; legislatures can limit contributions, but not how much one spends of his own money on campaigns. The decision opened the door for PACs to spend unlimited amounts of money for campaigning activities so long as they’re not directly coordinated with a particular campaign.
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)	Upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty; death penalty does not constitute cruel & unusual punishment; overturned Furman v. Georgia (1972).
U.C. Regents v. Bakke (1978)	Bakke & UC Davis Med School; declared strict quotas unconstitutional but states may allow race to be taken into account as ONE factor in admissions decisions. Bakke was admitted; affirmative action.
Texas v. Johnson (1989)	Struck down a law banning the burning of the American flag on the grounds that such action was symbolic speech protected by the 1^st Amendment.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992)	States can regulate abortion, but not with regulations that impose “undue burden” upon women; did not overturn Roe, but gave state more leeway in regulating abortion (e.g., 24-hour waiting period, parental consent for minors)
Shaw v. Reno (1993)	No racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.
U.S. v. Lopez (1995)	Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress’ authority to regulate interstate commerce. The first case to begin reigning in Congress’ authority under the Commerce Clause.
Clinton v. NY (1998)	Banned presidential use of line item veto.
Bush v. Gore (2000)	Use of 14^th Amendment’s equal protection clause to stop the Florida recount in the 2000 election.
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)	Public money can be used to send disadvantaged children to religious schools in tuition voucher programs.
Ashcroft v. ACLU (2002)	Struck down a federal ban on “virtual” child pornography.
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)	Using right of privacy, struck down Texas law banning sodomy.
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)	Struck down use of “bonus points” for race in undergrad admissions at University of Michigan; affirmative action
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)	Allowed the use of race as a general factor in law school admissions at University of Michigan; affirmative action.